Ap bio chapter 17 reading guide

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disorder that involves frequent blood clots (thromboses). When you have this condition, your body's immune system makes abnormal pr...

Ap bio chapter 17 reading guide. Learn AP Biology using videos, articles, and AP-aligned multiple choice question practice. Review the fundamentals of biochemistry, cell biology, genetics, evolution, and ecology, and develop scientific thinking skills as you explore the study of life.

2. Describe the basic concept of an operon. a. Draw picture which shows the location of the following in relation to each other in an operon: genes A, B and C; operator, promoter, regulatory gene, repressor. b.

This chapter gives the instructor the opportunity to explore the developments in the areas of biotechnology and genomics for both the good and detriment of individuals and society. …AP Biology Reading Guide Chapter 48: Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw Copyri 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. - 1 - Name _____ Period _____ Chapter 48: Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling . Concept 48.1 Neuron organization and structure reflect function in information transfer . 1. What is a neuron? 2.AP Biology Chapter 16 Reading Guide. 49 terms. nicolefalk. Preview. AP Biology Chapter 17 Reading Guide. 67 terms. nicolefalk. Preview. Forensic Ch 9 Vocab. 32 terms ...Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The fossil record shows ___ over large time scales including the emergence of terrestrial vertebrates, the origin of photosynthesis, and long-term impacts of mass extinctions, ___on early Earth may have produced very simple cells through a sequence of stages, STAGES OF ORIGIN OF LIFE: 1 and more.I: Most individuals live to older age. Small number of offspring. Lots of parental care. II: Individuals live and die at consistent rate. Medium number of offspring. III: Many individuals die during first stages of life but those that survive live long. Large numbers of offspring. chapter 16 ap bio reading guide. 46 terms. ptk10636lance. Preview. Biology . 18 terms. ... biology chapter 17 exam #4. 18 terms. chidera1017888878. Preview. Biology ... Reading Guide Bundle for AP Biology Unit 8This is a BUNDLED package of detailed reading guides which will save you 15% over buying the chapters individually!!Each chapter's reading guide was designed to help students work through the dense content provided by OpenStax's free, online textbook for APAP Biology Reading Guide Chapter 26: Phylogeny and the Tree of Life ... 17. What are molecular clocks? 18. If we use a molecular clock, ...

The use of organisms to detoxify and restore polluted and degraded ecosystems. biological augmentation. An approach to restoration ecology that uses organisms to add essential materials to a degraded ecosystem. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like ecosystem, law of conservation of mass, primary producer and more.Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like What is ecology?, organismal ecology, population and more.Chapter 20 Active Reading Guide: Phylogeny. 20 terms. Blair_Kaitlyn. Preview. ap biology - chapter 26 phylogeny and the tree of life. 24 terms. onifarny. Preview. jkjk. 86 terms. izzie419. Preview. med calc memorizations . 53 terms. lilycastiglione27. ... Terms in this set (17) What is systematics? How is it used to develop phylogenetic trees?Chapter 10 Active Reading Guide - Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles. 5.0 (1 review) Flashcards; Learn; Test; Match; Flashcards; Learn; ... AP Bio Active Reading Guide Chapter 13 - Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles. 34 terms. Jason-V12. Preview. Cellular Respiration. ... 17 terms. Jadyn_Harrington. Preview. Glycolysis Review. 13 terms. …AP Biology Reading Guide Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw Chapter 16: Molecular Basis of Inheritance 34. Put it all together! Make a detailed list of the steps that occur in the synthesis of a new strand. DNA I r pnmers (j pm-nasc pnmet3 replaces +hem 6 5 DNA ligase end cc seccnð s' end st-rand h frogmen* DNR pnrrer 35.AP Biology Reading Guide Chapter 17: From Gene to Protein Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw ... AP Biology Reading Guide Chapter 17: From Gene to Protein Fred and Theresa ...Bigfoot or an Ancient Ape? - Sasquatch researchers have no conclusive evidence that sasquatches exist. Learn about scientific explanations for the sasquatch, like the gigantopithec...Explain what is happening in the cell at each step of an intracellular receptor pathway. 1. The steroid hormone testosterone passes through the plasma membrane. 2. Testosterone binds to receptor proteins in the cytoplasm, activating it. 3. The hormone receptor complex enters nucleus and binds to specific genes. 4.

Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein. Lecture Outline. Overview: The Flow of Genetic Information. The information content of DNA is in the form of specific sequences of nucleotides along the DNA strands. The DNA inherited by an organism leads to specific traits by dictating the synthesis of proteins. Gene expression, the process by which DNA directs ... I: Most individuals live to older age. Small number of offspring. Lots of parental care. II: Individuals live and die at consistent rate. Medium number of offspring. III: Many individuals die during first stages of life but those that survive live long. Large numbers of offspring.Explain the "rain shadow" effect. When warm, moist air approaches a mountain, the air expands and cools as it rises, forming clouds and releasing moisture on the windward side of the peak. On the leeward side, cooler, dry air descends absorbing moisture, making it very dry. The resulting dry patch of land is the effect of the "rain shadow". 8. Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites. What does this mean? 9. What is meant by host range? Distinguish between a virus with a broad host range and one with an extremely limited host range, and give an example of each. 10. Compare the host range for West Nile virus to that of the human cold virus. 11. Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell. Concept 6.1 To study cells, biologists use microscopes and the tools of biochemistry. 1. The study of cells has been limited by their small size, and so they were not seen and described until 1665, when Robert Hooke first looked at dead cells from an oak tree.Learn AP Biology using videos, articles, and AP-aligned multiple choice question practice. Review the fundamentals of biochemistry, cell biology, genetics, evolution, and ecology, and develop scientific thinking skills as you explore the study of life.

Hurley funeral pearsall tx.

The basic input-output system (BIOS) is the first thing you see when you turn on your computer. Learn all about BIOS. Advertisement One of the most common uses of Flash memory is f...I -- - · AP Biology Reading Guide Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw Chapter 17: From Gene to Protein 34. Figure 17 · 7 in your text will require a bit of study. Use it to label the following elements on th e figure below: pror, RNA transcription unit, DNA template, nontemplte DNA, an RNA transcript. Then, to the right of the figure, name the three ...AP Biology: CHAPTER 17 FROM GENE TO PROTEIN 1. How did diseases involving metabolic pathways lead to hypotheses about the nature of genes? ... AP Lecture Guide 17 – From Gene to Protein. ... Give an example of what happens if reading frames are altered? _____ _____ 12. List the highlights of the three stages of transcription. a ...Name: _____ AP Biology Mr. Croft Chapter 13 Active Reading Guide The Molecular Basis of Inheritance Section 1 ... Figure 17.4, to explain this. 10. How did Hershey and Chase “label” viral DNA and viral protein so that they could be ... Chapter 13 Active Reading Guide Author: Mr. Croft Created Date: 20131211143502Z ...24. Figure 22.17 in your text shows an evolutionary tree. What is indicated by each branch point in the following figure? Mark each branch point. Each branch point represents the common ancestors of the lineage beginning there and to the right of it. Refer to Figure 22.17 on page 464. 25. What is indicated by the hatch marks in Figure 22.17?

Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like What is gene expression, What situation did Archibald Garrod suggest caused inborn errors of metabolism?, Describe one example Garrod used to illustrate his hypothesis and more.Surface and groundwater flow can return water to the oceans, completing the water cycle. The oceans contain 97% of the water in the biosphere. Approximately 2% is bound in glaciers and polar ice caps, and the remaining 1% is in lakes, rivers, and groundwater, with a negligible amount in the atmosphere. Describe the carbon cycle.This is a detailed reading guide to help students work through the dense content provided by OpenStax's free, online textbook for AP Biology. Chapter 17 (Biotechnology and Genomics) corresponds to materials listed under Unit 6 of the CED.3. The current theory of the origin of life suggests a sequence of four main stages. First, the abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules, such as amino acids and nitrogenous bases, occurred. Second, these small molecules joined into macromolecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids. Third, these molecules were packaged into protocells ...24. Figure 22.17 in your text shows an evolutionary tree. What is indicated by each branch point in the following figure? Mark each branch point. Each branch point represents the common ancestors of the lineage beginning there and to the right of it. Refer to Figure 22.17 on page 464. 25. What is indicated by the hatch marks in Figure 22.17?Our mission is to improve educational access and learning for everyone. OpenStax is part of Rice University, which is a 501 (c) (3) nonprofit. Give today and help us reach more students. This free textbook is an OpenStax resource written to increase student access to high-quality, peer-reviewed learning materials.AP Biology Chapter 4 Reading Guide. Get a hint. Explain the elements of Stanley Miller's experiment. Click the card to flip 👆. (1) A water mixture is heated in the "sea" flask and then enters the "atmosphere" as vapor. (2) The "atmosphere" contains a mixture of hydrogen gas, methane, ammonia and water vapor. (3) Sparks are discharged to ...Popular books. Biology Mary Ann Clark, Jung Choi, Matthew Douglas. College Physics Raymond A. Serway, Chris Vuille. Essential Environment: The Science Behind the Stories Jay H. Withgott, Matthew Laposata. Everything's an Argument with 2016 MLA Update University Andrea A Lunsford, University John J Ruszkiewicz. Lewis's …

Our mission is to improve educational access and learning for everyone. OpenStax is part of Rice University, which is a 501 (c) (3) nonprofit. Give today and help us reach more …

Integument. -Layer of sporophyte tissue. -Envelops and protects the magasporangium. -Gymnosperm megaspornagia are surrounded by one integument. -Angiosperms usually have two. Ovule. -Whole structure: megasporangium, megaspore, and their integument (s) -Inside, a female gametophyte develops from a megaspore and produces one or more eggs.Our mission is to improve educational access and learning for everyone. OpenStax is part of Rice University, which is a 501 (c) (3) nonprofit. Give today and help us reach more students. This free textbook is an OpenStax resource written to increase student access to high-quality, peer-reviewed learning materials. AP Biology Reading Guide Julia Keller 12d Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw. Chapter 17: From Gene to Protein. What is gene expression? Gene expression is the process by which DNA directs the synthesis of proteins (or, in some cases, just RNAs). The expression of genes that code for proteins includes two stages: transcription and translation. Reading Guide 52 – An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere. Reading Guide 53 – Population Ecology. Reading Guide 54 – Community Ecology. Reading Guide 55 – Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology. Reading Guide 56 – Conservation Biology and Global Change. Phew! That was a lot of chapters! I hope you find this helpful. For more AP ... a virus that infects bacteria; also called a bacteriophage. A limited number of species whose cells can be infected by a particular virus. A type of phage replicative cycle resulting in the release of new phages by lysis (and death) of the host cell. A phage that reproduces only by a lytic cycle. reading quiz study Learn with flashcards, games, and more — for free. ... Chapter 17 - AP bio. 5.0 (1 review) Flashcards; Learn; ... Bio 120 unit 3 exam study guide ...Chapter 14 Reading Guide: Gene Expression – From Gene to Protein. Concept 14.1: Genes specify proteins via transcription and translation. 1. What is gene expression? 2. The research of Beadle and Tatum resulted in their Nobel Prize award in 1958. Describe their scientific contribution. 3.

Unt maps.

Craftsman dys 4500 oil filter.

Feb 1, 2020 ... This lecture covers Campbell's Biology in Focus chapter 14 over Protein Synthesis. Sorry for the coughing! I am a little under the weather ...AP Biology Reading Guide - Chapter 11 Cell Communication Name: _____ Date: _____ Hour: _____ Chapters 9, 10, and 11 form three of the most difficult chapters in the book. ... 17. Label Step 2 and then describe what happens to receptors tyrosine kinases when signaling molecules have attached. 18. Label and explain how the receptors are …A chapter 13 bankruptcy is a type of restructuring plan that is much less severe than a chapter 7 bankruptcy. A chapter 7 discharges debts immediately, but grants the bankruptcy co...AP Biology Reading Guide Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw Chapter I I : Cell Communication 27. An idea, transcription factors, is introduced in Figurel I .8. Explain the function of transcription factors in the cell. pr04c,tns are a cell aya Concept I I —3 Transduction: Cascades of molecular interactions relay signals from receptors toHelp. OpenStax. This free textbook is an OpenStax resource written to increase student access to high-quality, peer-reviewed learning materials. the AP Biology exam is to understand what you must know and these experienced AP teachers will guide your students toward top scores! Biology for AP ® Courses Julianne Zedalis,John Eggebrecht,2017-10-16 Biology for AP® courses covers the scope and sequence requirements of a typical two-semester Advanced Placement® biology course. 1) selection can act only on existing variations. 2) evolution is limited by historical constraints. 3) adaptations are often compromises; 4) chance, natural selection, and the environment interact. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like What is microevolution?, What are the three main mechanisms that can cause changes ...Bigfoot or an Ancient Ape? - Sasquatch researchers have no conclusive evidence that sasquatches exist. Learn about scientific explanations for the sasquatch, like the gigantopithec...The Bible is a sacred text that holds great significance for millions of people around the world. Whether you are a devout believer or someone curious about religious texts, gainin...A chapter 13 bankruptcy is a type of restructuring plan that is much less severe than a chapter 7 bankruptcy. A chapter 7 discharges debts immediately, but grants the bankruptcy co...projections that increase the cell's surface area. Plasmodesmata. channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells. Extra cellular matrix. The extracellular matrix regulates a cell's dynamic behavior. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Nucleus, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Mitochondria and more.AP Biology Chapter 4 Reading Guide. Get a hint. Explain the elements of Stanley Miller's experiment. Click the card to flip 👆. (1) A water mixture is heated in the "sea" flask and then enters the "atmosphere" as vapor. (2) The "atmosphere" contains a mixture of hydrogen gas, methane, ammonia and water vapor. (3) Sparks are discharged to ... ….

17. Study Figure 13.6. You will see that plants have a life cycle that involves spores, which form as ... AP Biology Reading Guide Chapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life ...Explain the functions of the A, P, and E sites on a ribosome. The peptidyl-tRNA binding site holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain, while the aminoacyl-tRNA binding site holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the chain. Discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome from the exit site. 62.Dec 4, 2021 ... "Hey there, Bio Buddies! As much as I love talking about cells, chromosomes, and chlorophyll, I've got to admit, keeping this biology ...AP Bio Ch 23 Reading Guide. 1.What is the smallest unit of evolution and why is this important to understand? The smallest scale that evolution happens on is the population level. A populationis a group of one species in one place at one time.AP Bio Ch. 48 Reading guide. Describe the typical nerve pathway. Click the card to flip 👆. Nerve cells receive impulses from the axon terminals of other cells. They receive the impulse, a nerve cell then sends a new impulse down the axon and the axon terminal to the synaptic terminal in which it depolarizes nearby nerve cells. Click the card ...Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like What is gene expression, What situation did Archibald Garrod suggest caused inborn errors of metabolism?, Describe one example Garrod used to illustrate his hypothesis and more.Cellular respiration includes both aerobic and anaerobic processes. Give the formula (with names) for the catabolic degradation of glucose by cellular respiration. C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2 (oxygen) --> 6CO2 (carbon dioxide) + 6H2O (water) + Energy (ATP and heat) Both cellular respiration and photosynthesis are redox reactions. In redox ...Our mission is to improve educational access and learning for everyone. OpenStax is part of Rice University, which is a 501 (c) (3) nonprofit. Give today and help us reach more students. This free textbook is an OpenStax resource written to increase student access to high-quality, peer-reviewed learning materials. Ap bio chapter 17 reading guide, A provirus is a viral genome permanently inserted into a host genome. Animal cells would most likely carry a provirus. 29. Explain the infection of a cell by HIV. Its envelope glycoproteins enable HIV to bind to specific receptors on certain white blood cells. The virus fuses with the cell’s plasma membrane., According to PC Mag, ROM BIOS refers to the memory chip used on early PCs to store the software necessary to boot the computer. Newer PCs use flash memory for this purpose. ROM is ..., Which of the following processes occurs as part of transcription? Which of the following molecular structures contains codons? According to the central dogma, which of the following intermediate molecules correctly completes the flow chart describing the flow of information in a cell blank? Which answer correctly compares prokaryotic and ..., Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The fossil record shows ___ over large time scales including the emergence of terrestrial vertebrates, the origin of photosynthesis, and long-term impacts of mass extinctions, ___on early Earth may have produced very simple cells through a sequence of stages, STAGES OF ORIGIN OF …, 2. Describe the basic concept of an operon. a. Draw picture which shows the location of the following in relation to each other in an operon: genes A, B and C; operator, promoter, regulatory gene, repressor. b., Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein. Lecture Outline. Overview: The Flow of Genetic Information. The information content of DNA is in the form of specific sequences of …, Prokaryotes diameter is 0.5-5um and eukaryote diameters is 10-100um. What three shapes are the most common for prokaryotes. spherical, rod-shaped, spiral. What is the composition of a typical bacterial cell wall. peptidoglycan. What three functions does the cell wall provide prokaryotic cells with., AP Biology Reading Guide Chapter 48: Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw Copyri 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. - 1 - Name _____ Period _____ Chapter 48: Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling . Concept 48.1 Neuron organization and structure reflect function in information transfer . 1. What is a neuron? 2., the AP Biology exam is to understand what you must know and these experienced AP teachers will guide your students toward top scores! Biology for AP ® Courses Julianne Zedalis,John Eggebrecht,2017-10-16 Biology for AP® courses covers the scope and sequence requirements of a typical two-semester Advanced Placement® biology course. , Chapter 2: The Chemical Context of Life ... 17. Explain the difference between a nonpolar covalent bond and a polar covalent bond. 18. Another bond type is the ionic bond. Explain what is happening in Figure 2.10. ... AP Biology Reading Guides Campbell Biology in Focus (2ndst Edition) Campbell Biology in Focus (1 Edition) – Adapted from ..., Our mission is to improve educational access and learning for everyone. OpenStax is part of Rice University, which is a 501 (c) (3) nonprofit. Give today and help us reach more students. Help. This free textbook is an OpenStax resource written to increase student access to high-quality, peer-reviewed learning materials., AP Biology Reading Guide Julia Keller 12d Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw Chapter 20: Biotechnology 1. Define recombinant DNA, biotechnology, and genetic engineering. Recombinant DNA is formed when segments of DNA from two different sources, often different species, are combined in vitro. Biotechnology is the manipulation of organisms or their ... , 39. Now it is time to put all of the elements of transcription together. Write an essay below to describe the process by which mRNA is formed., Chapter 20 Active Reading Guide: Phylogeny. 20 terms. Blair_Kaitlyn. Preview. ap biology - chapter 26 phylogeny and the tree of life. 24 terms. onifarny. Preview. jkjk. 86 terms. izzie419. Preview. med calc memorizations . 53 terms. lilycastiglione27. ... Terms in this set (17) What is systematics? How is it used to develop phylogenetic trees?, AP Bio - Chapter 55 Reading Guide Answers. 50 terms. Yulissa_Trujillo. Preview. AP Biology Chapter 54: Community Ecology. 66 terms. Sara_Stoner. Preview. Bio 44 Unit ..., AP Biology Reading Guide Chapter 26: Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw . ... 17. What are molecular clocks? 18. If we use a molecular clock, approximately when did HIV emerge? Concept 26.6 New information continues to revise our understanding of the tree of life ., Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The fossil record shows ___ over large time scales including the emergence of terrestrial vertebrates, the origin of photosynthesis, and long-term impacts of mass extinctions, ___on early Earth may have produced very simple cells through a sequence of stages, STAGES OF ORIGIN OF LIFE: 1 and more. , the AP Biology exam is to understand what you must know and these experienced AP teachers will guide your students toward top scores! Biology for AP ® Courses Julianne Zedalis,John Eggebrecht,2017-10-16 Biology for AP® courses covers the scope and sequence requirements of a typical two-semester Advanced Placement® biology course. , AP Biology Reading Guide Julia Keller 12d. Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw. Chapter 17: From Gene to Protein. What is gene expression? Gene expression is the process by which DNA directs the synthesis of proteins (or, in some cases, just RNAs). The expression of genes that code for proteins includes two stages: transcription and translation., AP Biology Chapter 17 Flashcards | Quizlet. 4.7 (15 reviews) Gene Expression. Click the card to flip 👆. the process by which DNA directs the synthesis of proteins. Click the card to flip 👆. 1 / 66. Flashcards. Learn. Test. Match. Q-Chat. Created by. Adilah. from gene to protein. Students also viewed. Tryp & Lac Operons. Teacher 19 terms. , AP Biology Campbell Active Reading Guide Chapter 15 - The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance. 28 terms. ... AP Biology Chapter 17. 66 terms. Adilah. Preview. Chapter 16 ..., AP Biology Chapter 17 Reading Guide. 67 terms. nicolefalk. Preview. Forensic Ch 9 Vocab. 32 terms. ... Adv Bio I Ch. 13 & 14 DNA & Protein Synthesis. Teacher 34 terms ..., I -- - · AP Biology Reading Guide Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw Chapter 17: From Gene to Protein 34. Figure 17 · 7 in your text will require a bit of study. Use it to label the following elements on th e figure below: pror, RNA transcription unit, DNA template, nontemplte DNA, an RNA transcript. Then, to the right of the figure, name the three ..., Reading Guide 17 – From Gene to Protein. Reading Guide 18 – Regulation of Gene Expression. Reading Guide 19 – Viruses. Reading Guide 20 – Biotechnology. …, Feb 1, 2016 ... Comments6 · Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein · Chapter 17 – Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein · DNA Structure and Replication: Crash Course&..., Terms in this set (68) Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like weblike system of neurons, usually in RADIAL symmetric animals, ropelike bundle of neuron fibers tightly wraped in connective tissue, evolutionary trend towards concentration of sensory equiptment at the anterior end of the body and more., A provirus is a viral genome permanently inserted into a host genome. Animal cells would most likely carry a provirus. 29. Explain the infection of a cell by HIV. Its envelope glycoproteins enable HIV to bind to specific receptors on certain white blood cells. The virus fuses with the cell’s plasma membrane., Solution to Question 17. ... Chapter 23 Reading Guide Solutions. Subject: AP Biology. 999+ Documents. Students shared 4410 documents in this course. ... AP Bio Full Final Exam Review Guide. AP Biology 100% (6) 2. Using Chi-Square in Genetics NZ w Key. AP Biology 100% (5) Discover more from:, 1) morphological differences prevent mating. 2) Shells of 2 snails spiral different ways and so genital openings do not align. 1) Sperm of 1 species cannot fertilize egg of other. 2) Red and purple sea urchins have different proteins on sperm and egg. 1) hybrid development is impaired., ap bio chapter 5.6 reading guide. 17 terms. meganoverbeck. Preview. AP Biology Chapter 5.6 & 32. 30 terms. elizabeth_1019. Preview. AP Bio chapter 5.6., Nondisjunction. The members of a pair of homologous chromosomes don't move apart properly during meiosis I, or sister chromatids fail to separate during meiosis II. AP Biology Chapter 15 Reading Guide. Chromosome theory of inheritance., These alter the reading frame and usually cause dysfunctional proteins. This is for AP biology. It's based off of the reading guide. Learn with flashcards, games, and more — for free., 2. Describe the basic concept of an operon. a. Draw picture which shows the location of the following in relation to each other in an operon: genes A, B and C; operator, promoter, regulatory gene, repressor. b.