Ectasia of infrarenal abdominal aorta

An abdominal aortic aneurysm happens when the main artery that carries blood from the heart to the tummy (the aorta) becomes weakened. It's not always clear what causes it, but some people have a higher chance of getting one. You’re more at risk if you: are male and aged 65 or over. smoke or used to smoke. have high blood pressure.

168,200 aortic aneurysms (2015) [5] Abdominal aortic aneurysm ( AAA) is a localized enlargement of the abdominal aorta such that the diameter is greater than 3 cm or more than 50% larger than normal. [1] An AAA usually causes no symptoms, except during rupture. [1] Occasionally, abdominal, back, or leg pain may occur. [2] Symptoms of an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) Atherosclerosis of the aorta is also associated with abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). That means the plaque buildup may not directly cause the AAA, but the two conditions share similar risk factors and often occur together. Many people don’t have symptoms of an AAA until it’s close to rupturing.When the wall of a blood vessel weakens, a balloon-like dilation called an aneurysm sometimes develops. This happens most often in the abdominal aorta, an essential blood vessel that supplies blood to your legs. Fairly Common Every year, 200,000 people in the U.S. are diagnosed with an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). A ruptured AAA is the …An aortic aneurysm is a bulge that occurs in the wall of the body's main artery, called the aorta. The aorta carries blood from the heart to the body. Aortic aneurysms can occur anywhere in the aorta. They may be tube shaped or round. Aortic aneurysms include: Abdominal aortic aneurysm.definition of aortic diameter ≥ 3 cm may not be appropriate for women who have smaller diameter arteries than men or for patients with arteriomegaly. 1. aneurysms may be classified as small or large. small aneurysm typically defined as aortic diameter < 5.5 cm, but may sometimes be defined as 3-4.9 cm (30-49 mm) or 3-5.5 cm (30-55 mm) 1. ,The incidence of small abdominal aortic aneurysms and the change in normal infrarenal aortic diameter: implications for screening. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2001;21(2):165-170.

Use 34701-34706 for Endografts in Infrarenal Abdominal Aorta. You will turn to codes 34701-34706 when your cardiologist uses an endograft to treat an abdominal aortic pathology in the infrarenal abdominal aorta. Note: These procedures could include the iliac arteries. For example, look at one of the code pairs in the 34701-34706 code set: …Abdominal aortic aneurysms develop when the wall of the aorta in the abdomen weakens, causing it to bulge and form a balloon-like expansion. When the abdominal aorta reaches a diameter at least 1.5 times the normal size, or greater than 3 cm in total, it is called an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA).Open and endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair. A, Unrepaired infrarenal AAA. B, Open AAA repair with a tube graft from the infrarenal neck to the aortic bifurcation. C, Endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair with proximal seal in the infrarenal neck and distal seal in the common iliac arteries.An aortic aortic dissection is a condition in which the inner layer of the aorta (intima) tears and blood surges through the tear causing the intima and media layers of the aorta to separate (dissect) creating a false flow lumen. Abdominal aortic dissection is often an extension of a thoracic aorta dissection.An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is defined as a permanent dilation of the abdominal aorta, with a diameter greater than 3 cm or a diameter greater than 50% of the aortic diameter at the level of …

Current guidelines recommend screening for abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) in men to reduce AAA-related mortality. 1–3 Screening among women is not currently recommended because data are sparse, the prevalence of AAA is low, 4 and it is not considered to be clinically indicated. 5 The benefits of screening, however, are based on mortality outcomes 6–9 and not incident cardiovascular ...An echogenic tubular shape structure was noted at the distal end of the suprarenal AAA that extended through the infrarenal segment of the abdominal aorta. This was later found to be a tube graft previously (2003) used to repair a 5.6 cm infrarenal fusiform abdominal aortic aneurysm. Mural thrombus was visualised within the …The 2024 edition of ICD-10-CM I77.811 became effective on October 1, 2023. This is the American ICD-10-CM version of I77.811 - other international versions of ICD-10 I77.811 may differ. The following code (s) above I77.811 contain annotation back-references that may be applicable to I77.811 : I00-I99 Diseases of the circulatory system.Abdominal aortic diameter 3 cm typically constitutes an abdominal aortic aneurysm. The cause is multifactorial, but atherosclerosis is often involved. Most aneurysms grow slowly (~10%/year) without causing symptoms, and most are found incidentally. Risk of rupture is proportional to the size of the aneurysm. Diagnosis is made by ultrasonography ...The aim of this review was to assess the place of retroperitoneal (RP) aortic surgery for abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) in the endovascular era and evaluate the evidence supporting it in preference to the more traditional transperitoneal approach. As endovascular graft technology improves, open aortic surgery is declining. AAAs unsuitable for endovascular aneurysm repair are, by definition ...An aneurysm is a weakened area of a blood vessel wall. Fusiform aneurysms can be caused by atherosclerosis, connective tissue diseases, smoking, hypertension, infections, pregnancy, systemic lupus erythematosus, fibromuscular dysplasia, and trauma. The signs and symptoms of a fusiform aneurysm may differ depending on where the …

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Jun 29, 2022 · Symptoms of an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) Atherosclerosis of the aorta is also associated with abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). That means the plaque buildup may not directly cause the AAA, but the two conditions share similar risk factors and often occur together. Many people don’t have symptoms of an AAA until it’s close to rupturing. Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm. Most manifestations of cardiovascular disease are more common in men than in women. However, cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of death in women worldwide. 1 Coronary heart disease in women has a worse outcome than in men, and this has attracted considerable attention in recent …An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is an abnormal dilation of the abdominal aorta between the diaphragm and the aortic bifurcation of the iliac arteries. An AAA is usually defined as a dilatation with a diameter of >3 cm or 50% greater than the typical diameter. Most AAAs are located in the infrarenal aorta, proximal to the iliac …Mar 19, 2020 ... This guideline covers diagnosing and managing abdominal aortic aneurysms. It aims to improve care by helping people who are at risk to get ...

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Screening December 10, 2019. ... Relationship of age, gender, race, and body size to infrarenal aortic diameter. J Vasc Surg. 1997;26(4):595-601. 20. Li X, Zhao G, Zhang J, Duan Z, Xin S. Prevalence and trends of the abdominal aortic aneurysms epidemic in general population--a meta-analysis.Infrarenal Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm. Simon De Freitas, MD. Nicole D’Ambrosio, MD. Javairiah Fatima, MD. Published: June 09, 2023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.suc.2023.05.001. Infrarenal Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm. Keywords. Abdominal aortic aneurysm. Endovascular. Open repair. Key points. …An abdominal aorta that is considered normal in size is less than about 3 centimeters, according to the National Institutes of Health. The normal size of the abdominal aorta also v...Most aortic aneurysms occur in the part of the aorta that's in the belly area, called the abdomen. Several things can lead to the development of an abdominal aortic aneurysm, including: Hardening of the arteries, called atherosclerosis.Society for Vascular Surgery implementation of clinical practice guidelines for patients with an abdominal aortic aneurysm: Postoperative surveillance after abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. J Vasc Surg. 2021; 74:1438–1439. Crossref Medline Google Scholar; 3. Mendoza DD, Kochar M, Devereux RB, et al.Use 34701-34706 for Endografts in Infrarenal Abdominal Aorta. You will turn to codes 34701-34706 when your cardiologist uses an endograft to treat an abdominal aortic pathology in the infrarenal abdominal aorta. Note: These procedures could include the iliac arteries. For example, look at one of the code pairs in the 34701-34706 code set: …Importance: Abdominal aortic aneurysms affect more than 3% of US older adults. Objective: To test whether doxycycline reduces the growth of abdominal aortic aneurysm over 2 years as measured by maximum transverse diameter. Design, setting, and participants: Parallel, 2-group, randomized clinical trial that was conducted at 22 US …Current abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) surveillance guidelines lack any follow-up recommendations after initial abdominal aortic screening diameter of less than 3.0 cm. Some reports have demonstrated patients with late AAA formation and late ruptures after initial ultrasound screening detection of patients with an aortic diameter of 2.5 to …Endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair is surgery to repair a widened area in your aorta. This is called an aneurysm. The aorta is the large artery that carries blood ...

An abdominal aortic aneurysm happens when the main artery that carries blood from the heart to the tummy (the aorta) becomes weakened. It's not always clear what causes it, but some people have a higher chance of getting one. You’re more at risk if you: are male and aged 65 or over. smoke or used to smoke. have high blood pressure.

I71.43. I71.43 is a valid billable ICD-10 diagnosis code for Infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm, without rupture . It is found in the 2024 version of the ICD-10 Clinical Modification (CM) and can be used in all HIPAA-covered transactions from Oct 01, 2023 - Sep 30, 2024 . ↓ See below for any exclusions, inclusions or special notations.Acid is produced naturally in your stomach to help you digest food and to kill bacteria. This acid is irritant so your body produces a natural mucous barrier ... Try our Symptom Ch...Ballooning Artery: An infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm is the dilitation or ballooning of the abdominal aorta below the branches that provide blood to the kidneys. It is believed that the wall of the artery weakens over time from inflammation. This weakening causes the artery to swell. When > 5cm in diameter the risk of rupture and bleeding ...Doctors don’t know exactly why abdominal aortic aneurysms happen, but they do know several things that can play a part: Smoking and using other types of tobacco. Hardening of your arteries ...Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is rare in people aged less than 50 years, but prevalence then rises sharply with increasing age. Abdominal aortic aneurysm affects approximately 4–7% of men and 1–2% of women over the age of 65 years. 2–5 Established risk factors for AAA include advancing age, male gender, smoking and family history (Table ...Jan 2, 2020 ... Rupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm is a catastrophic event with low survival rates. The risk of rupture is so high for diameters above 5.5 ...Jan 2, 2020 · Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Types of aneurysms. Abdominal aneurysms are more common than thoracic aneurysms ( Fig. 24.5). Infrarenal aneurysms are also more common than suprarenal aneurysms (see Fig. 24.5). There are two principal types of aneurysms: fusiform and saccular ( Fig. 24.6). By far the more common form of aneurysm is the fusiform type. Email us at [email protected]. If you have clinically-specific questions, please contact your physician’s office. Learn about infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms, including what can cause them and treatment options available at MedStar Health. Request an appointment with one of our specialists. ectasia of the distal infrarenal abdominal aorta measuring to 2.4 cm vascular calcifications are seen with in the aorta and iliac arteries. moderate to severe stenosis at the origin celiac artery. celiac artery stenosis?: : Atherosclerotic changes of the abdominal aorta below the renal arter.

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Results. From a screening pool of 19,649 patients, 3205 (16.3%) with a mean age of 72.1 ± 5.3 years were identified to have an ectatic aorta from January 1, 2007, to December 31, 2016. The average screening ectatic aortic diameter was 2.6 ± 0.1 cm.Jul 16, 2019 ... Coronary artery ectasia (CAE) was defined as local or generalized aneurysmal change of the CAs. Excessive expansive CA remodelling was defined ...Repair of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms (RAAAs) is the pinnacle of emergent vascular surgical operations. Traditionally, open surgical reconstruction was the mainstay of treatment. Professional societal recommendations have shifted towards an endovascular first approach for treatment of RAAAs, mirroring trends in elective …An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a bulge in the part of your aorta that runs through your belly. It usually causes no symptoms, but some people have deep pain in their lower backs or a pulsing sensation in their bellies. Older age and tobacco use are important risk factors.Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) is a permanent localised or diffuse dilatation of the abdominal aorta to 1.5 times its normal diameter that involving all three layers of the vessel wall. normal infrarenal aortic diameters in patients >50y are 1.5 cm in women and 1.7 cm in men. an infrarenal aorta 3 cm in diameter or more is considered ...Lumsden AB, Lin PH, Bush RL, Chen C. Arterial disease, Schwartz’s Principle of surgery 8th edition 2005:732-48. Brewster DC, et al. Guidelines for the treatment of the abdominal aortic aneurysms : Report of a subcommittee of the Joint Council of the American Association for Vascular Surgery and Society for Vascular Surgery.An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a dilatation of the abdominal aorta beyond 1.5 times the normal diameter of the abdominal aorta at the level of the renal arteries . A diameter greater than 3.0 cm is typically classified as aneurysmal (2,3). AAA has a prevalence of approximately 4.8%, with men being affected more often than women .Citation, DOI, disclosures and article data. Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) are focal dilatations of the abdominal aorta measuring 50% greater than the proximal normal segment or >3 cm in maximum diameter. They can be confined to the abdominal aorta or continue from the thoracic aorta as part of a thoraco-abdominal aneurysm (TAAA). ….

The incidence of small abdominal aortic aneurysms and the change in normal infrarenal aortic diameter: implications for screening. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2001;21(2):165-170.Ballooning Artery: An infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm is the dilitation or ballooning of the abdominal aorta below the branches that provide blood to the kidneys. It is believed that the wall of the artery weakens over time from inflammation. This weakening causes the artery to swell. When > 5cm in diameter the risk of rupture and …Contrast-enhanced CT scan with 3-dimensional reconstruction demonstrating a 5.6-cm infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm. The image has been rotated in space so that one is viewing the posterior aspect of the aneurysm. The …Ultrasonographic examination reveals an infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm measuring 5.7 cm in its largest diameter. How should this case be further evaluated and managed? The Clinical...Email us at [email protected]. If you have clinically-specific questions, please contact your physician’s office. Learn about infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms, including what can cause them and treatment options available at MedStar Health. Request an appointment with one of our specialists.1. Introduction. Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), defined as an abdominal aorta exceeding the normal vessel diameter by over 50%, affects approximately 4% of the male population in the UK [].The overwhelming majority of cases are secondary to atherosclerosis, with risk factors including smoking, hypertension, age and male sex …An abdominal aortic aneurysm is a stretched and bulging area of the aorta. The aorta is the large blood vessel that takes oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body. This type of aneurysm is in the belly, where the aorta takes blood to the lower body. If an aneurysm gets too big, it can cause serious problems.A 76-year-old woman presents with a 2-day history of left-lower-quadrant pain. A computed tomographic (CT) scan reveals diverticulitis and an incidental 5.6-cm infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm.The approach for abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) larger than 55 mm is well defined due to the risk of rupture being higher than 10% per year, and a 30-day perioperative mortality rate between 2.5% and 5%. However, the approach for small asymptomatic AAAs is less well defined. There are different definitions given to describe a small AAA.Mar 14, 2016 ... On average, the normal diameter of the infrarenal aorta is 2 cm, and therefore a true AAA measures 3.0 cm or more. Aortic ectasia is a mild ... Ectasia of infrarenal abdominal aorta, Branches of the aorta. CT reconstruction image of an abdominal aortic aneurysm (white arrows). Different types. Fusiform- Bulging or ballooning of all sides of the aorta; more common. Saccular- Bulging or ballooning of only one side of the aorta. Mycotic- Caused by an infection of the vessel wall. May be bacterial, viral, or fungal., The abdominal aorta has three distinct tissue layers: intima, media, and adventitia. The intima is composed of the classic endothelial layer. The media comprises smooth muscle cells surrounded by elastin, collagen, and proteoglycans; to a great extent, this layer is responsible for the structural and elastic properties of the artery., Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) rupture has been recognized as a significant cause of mortality for adults aged >60 years in the developed world for some time. 1 AAAs are usually asymptomatic until rupture occurs, and screening programs have been shown to reduce mortality in men aged >65 years. 2 Most AAAs detected by ultrasound …, Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm. Abdominal aorta diameter 3.0 cm or greater. Abdominal Aortic Ectasia. Abdominal aorta diameter 2.5 to 2.9 cm. III. Epidemiology. AAA Repair Incidence in U.S.: 45,000 surgeries per year (elective and emergent) Ruptured AAA results in 4500 to 11,000 deaths per year in the United States., Oct 1, 2023 · Infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm, without rupture. 2023 - New Code 2024 Billable/Specific Code. I71.43 is a billable/specific ICD-10-CM code that can be used to indicate a diagnosis for reimbursement purposes. The 2024 edition of ICD-10-CM I71.43 became effective on October 1, 2023. , 410-955-5000 Maryland. 855-695-4872 Outside of Maryland. +1-410-502-7683 International. Find a Doctor. Endovascular repair is a type of treatment for an abdominal aortic aneurysm, or AAA. This is a bulge in the wall of the large artery below your heart that is at …, Aortic aneurysm and dissection. ( I71) I71.43 is a billable diagnosis code used to specify a medical diagnosis of infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm, without rupture. The code is valid during the current fiscal year for the submission of HIPAA-covered transactions from October 01, 2023 through September 30, 2024., Mar 15, 2024 · Citation, DOI, disclosures and article data. Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) are focal dilatations of the abdominal aorta measuring 50% greater than the proximal normal segment or >3 cm in maximum diameter. They can be confined to the abdominal aorta or continue from the thoracic aorta as part of a thoraco-abdominal aneurysm (TAAA). , The Clinical Practice Council of the Society for Vascular Surgery charged a writing committee with the task of updating practice guidelines, initally published in 2003, for surgeons and physicians who are involved in the preoperative, operative, and postoperative care of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA).1 This document provides …, May 4, 2012 ... Men with an ectatic aorta (25-29 mm) at time of screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm have a significantly higher risk of mortality and of ..., Branches of the aorta. CT reconstruction image of an abdominal aortic aneurysm (white arrows). Different types. Fusiform- Bulging or ballooning of all sides of the aorta; more common. Saccular- Bulging or ballooning of only one side of the aorta. Mycotic- Caused by an infection of the vessel wall. May be bacterial, viral, or fungal., Ultrasonographic examination reveals an infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm measuring 5.7 cm in its largest diameter. How should this case be further evaluated and managed? The Clinical..., Feb 11, 2008 · Long A, Bui H, Barbe C, Henni A, Journet J, Metz D and Nazeyrollas P (2010) Prevalence of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm and Large Infrarenal Aorta in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome and Proven Coronary Stenosis: A Prospective Monocenter Study, Annals of Vascular Surgery, 10.1016/j.avsg.2009.12.010, 24:5, (602-608), Online publication date: 1 ... , Abdominal aortic branch occlusion is blockage or narrowing of one of the large arteries in the abdomen that come off of the aorta. Branches of the aorta can be blocked (occluded) due to atherosclerosis, abnormal growth of muscle in the artery's wall (fibromuscular dysplasia), blood clots, or other disorders. Blockage causes symptoms related to ... , Results. The majority of infrarenal abdominal aortic dissection patients were male (67.6%). Hypertension (77.1%) and hyperlipidemia (77.1%) were the most common comorbidities among these patients. Aortic atherosclerosis was present in the majority of patients (60.0%); 67.6% of dissections were discovered incidentally and were …, Citation, DOI, disclosures and article data. The abdominal aorta (plural: aortas or aortae 4) is the main blood vessel in the abdominal cavity that transmits oxygenated blood from the thoracic cavity to the organs within the abdomen and to the lower limbs., Society for Vascular Surgery implementation of clinical practice guidelines for patients with an abdominal aortic aneurysm: Postoperative surveillance after abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. ... Aortic volume as an indicator of disease progression in patients with untreated infrarenal abdominal aneurysm. Eur J Radiol. 2012; 81:e87–e93 ..., The approach for abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) larger than 55 mm is well defined due to the risk of rupture being higher than 10% per year, and a 30-day perioperative mortality rate between 2.5% and 5%. However, the approach for small asymptomatic AAAs is less well defined. There are different definitions given to describe a small AAA., The aim of this study was to evaluate growth rates of ectatic aortas detected on initial ultrasound screening to determine if any developed into clinically significant abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs; > 5.0 cm) and clarify the appropriate surveillance intervals for these patients., The 2024 edition of ICD-10-CM I71.4 became effective on October 1, 2023. This is the American ICD-10-CM version of I71.4 - other international versions of ICD-10 I71.4 may differ. Reimbursement claims with a date of service on or after October 1, 2015 require the use of ICD-10-CM codes. ICD 10 code for Abdominal aortic aneurysm, without rupture., Abdominal infrarenal aortic stenosis is an infrequent but challenging disease. 1,2 It can lead to claudication, lower-limb ischemia, emboli, aneurysm formation and rupture, renal ischemia, and hypertension. 3 Although surgery has long been the approach of choice in this scenario, percutaneous intervention has also shown to be feasible. 4 When a ..., Apr 29, 2019 ... Learn how the aorta becomes weakened, how aortic aneurysms develop and strategies for repairing them from Cleveland Clinic Heart & Vascular ..., Ultrasonographic examination reveals an infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm measuring 5.7 cm in its largest diameter. How should this case be further evaluated and managed? The Clinical..., Repair of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms (RAAAs) is the pinnacle of emergent vascular surgical operations. Traditionally, open surgical reconstruction was the mainstay of treatment. Professional societal recommendations have shifted towards an endovascular first approach for treatment of RAAAs, mirroring trends in elective …, Remnants of your beauty products could be making their way into your gut via a rather circuitous route. Remnants of your beauty products could be making their way into your gut via..., Abdominal aortic aneurysms are found in up to 6% of men and 1.7% of women over the age of 65 years and are usually asymptomatic. The natural history of aortic aneurysms is continued dilation leading to rupture, which is associated with an overall 80% mortality. Of the patients with ruptured aneurysms that undergo intervention, half will not ..., The aim of this study was to evaluate growth rates of ectatic aortas detected on initial ultrasound screening to determine if any developed into clinically significant abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs; > 5.0 cm) and clarify the appropriate surveillance intervals for …, Arteriography demonstrates infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm. This arteriogram was obtained in preparation for endovascular repair of aneurysm. Lateral arteriogram demonstrates infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm. Demonstration of superior mesenteric artery, inferior mesenteric artery, and celiac artery on lateral …, ectasia of the distal infrarenal abdominal aorta measuring to 2.4 cm vascular calcifications are seen with in the aorta and iliac arteries. moderate to severe stenosis at the origin celiac artery. celiac artery stenosis?: : Atherosclerotic changes of the abdominal aorta below the renal arter., Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm. Most manifestations of cardiovascular disease are more common in men than in women. However, cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of death in women worldwide. 1 Coronary heart disease in women has a worse outcome than in men, and this has attracted considerable attention in recent …, Abstract. We analysed the infrarenal aortic morphology by abdominal MR-examinations of 47 RPF patients compared to a control group. A significant larger aortic calibre and higher rates of infrarenal dilatation in male RPF patients were observed. The larger aortic diameter in male RPF patients may be due to periaortic inflammation with resulting ..., A blockage in the abdominal aorta means that an artery in the abdomen that supplies blood to the lower body is clogged with plaque, according to Oregon Surgical Specialists. Plaque..., An abdominal aortic aneurysm happens when the main artery that carries blood from the heart to the tummy (the aorta) becomes weakened. It's not always clear what causes it, but some people have a higher chance of getting one. You’re more at risk if you: are male and aged 65 or over. smoke or used to smoke. have high blood pressure.